Vaccinations Necessary to the Nation’s Youth Essay

Parents must make many decisions about their child, which vary from what brand of diapers to use to at what age to start a college fund. Parents also take responsibility for their child’s health, including deciding whether or not to vaccinate. Immunizations serve as the most efficient way to prevent possible life threatening diseases, including mumps, Hepatitis B, and polio, from affecting children, not only during adolescence, but also throughout their adult lives. Parents need to make the informed decision to vaccinate their children. If asked about the subject of immunizations, almost any medical doctor will promote vaccination as the most effective intervention of modern medicine which prevented more suffering and saved more lives†¦show more content†¦Jenner’s breakthrough, vaccine use feverishly spread in several developed countries. Seeing the good vaccinations did for public health, in 1905 the United States Supreme Court concluded, â€Å"†¦compulsory vaccination laws by states and municipalities were constitutional† (Binski 10). By the mid-twentieth century, the elimination and control of diseases such as small pox and polio led towards mass immunity through the use of vaccines, and to date, vaccines are credited with safeguarding humans from over twenty once-deadly diseases. Vaccines, though very beneficial, â€Å"†¦are only beneficial when administered to the masses† (Binski 10). This characteristic made compulsory vaccination the standard or highly recommended in most well developed countries, so as to create heard immunity (Binski 12). Common vaccines recommended to U.S. children include: (1) DPT vaccine: composed of diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, and whole-cell killed pertussis; (2) OPV: the oral polio vaccine; (3) MMR: composed of weakened live measles, mumps, and rubella (also known as German measles) viruses; (4) Hib: haemophilus influenza type B; and (5) hepatitis B: a genetically engineered virus vaccine (Rozario 2). Newly recommended vaccines in the U.S. include the 2009 H1N1 Vaccination (United States 2009 H1N1) and two types of HPV immunizations, Ceravix, made by GlaxoSmithKline, and Gardasil, made by Merck (United States, HPV Vaccine). Over the years, law makers in all fifty states have madeShow MoreRelatedEssay on Vaccinations Should be Mandatory in the State of California1901 Words   |  8 Pages Vaccinations should be mandatory for all children within the State of California as this will reduce the death rate associated with preventable communicably infectious diseases. Routine vaccinations during early developments have been historical proven to reduce the onset and spread of potentially infectious microbial agents. According to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention, â€Å"Vaccines have reduced some preventable infectious diseases to an all-time low, and now few peopleRead MorePrograms Offering Food and Medical Assistance1351 Words   |  5 Pageseducation program designed to meet each child’s needs the child receives a physical and dental examination with follow up services are necessary. The children also receive snacks and nutritious meals. The program offers center and home based services in the seven counties. 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Woolworths Financial Ratio Report Analysis - Accounting...

Woolworths Financial Ratio Report Liquidity, Solvency and Profitability Abstract This report consists of ratio calculation and analysis of Woolworths’ liquidity, solvency as well as profitability. Liquidity ratios include current ratio, quick asset ratio and inventory turnover. Solvency ratios include debt to total asset and interest coverage. Profitability ratios include return on owners’ equity, payout ratio, return on assets, return on sales, asset turnover, cash return on sales and operating expense ratio. Ratio Calculation | Formula | Calculation $M | Results | | | 2012 | 2011 | 2012 | 2011 | Current Ratio | Current AssetsCurrent Liabilities | 5,802.16,766.2 | 6,326.98.022.2 | 0.86 : 1 | 0.79 : 1 | Quick Asset†¦show more content†¦This may be caused due to: * Increase in assets that are held for sale to $376.70M from $93.90M * Decrease in cash from $1,519.60M to $833.40M used to pay off external borrowings and pay out dividends. Woolworths is facing a problem in paying back its short-term liabilities using its most liquid assets. Inventory Turnover Inventory turnover measures the company’s efficiency in turning its inventory into sales. Its purpose is to measure the liquidity of the inventory (Carey, 2009) Woolworths has shown increasing inventory turnover from 10.88x in 2011 to 10.97x in 2012. Generally, the higher the inventory turnover, the better the liquidity. The lower ratio in 2011 implies poorer sales since the cost of sales in is $39,050.00M, lower than $40,792.40M in 2012. However, the improvement in inventory turnover may indicate ineffective buying – Woolworths buys too often in small quantities, with higher buying price. Typically, low inventory turnover shows inefficiency in controlling inventory levels or stock pile-up but this is not the case with Woolworths. Its inventory turnover ratio in 2012 shows improvement despite higher average inventory of $3,717.40M in 2012 than $3,587.65M in 2011, showing that Woolworths is able to produce stronger sales with higher inventory levels. Higher inventory turnover ratio in 2012 indicates better liquidity while lower inventory turnover ratio in 2011 gives signal ofShow MoreRelatedThe usefulness and Limitations of the corporate annual report, illustrating your answer by reference to one companys most recent Annual Report and Annual Review Documents.1437 Words   |  6 PagesCorporate Annual reports are produced by companies every year to be filed at companies House by Law and they are sent to its shareholders in order to inform them on their success throughout the year of trading. 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PHI Summative Assessment Free Essays

Introduction Health is defined as the stage of being physically, mentally and socially sound. To elaborate, health is both the inner and outer state, the stage of being free of diseases, the state of the soul, being more optimistic and not giving up in any kind of difficulties.(Manni, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on PHI Summative Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Health promotion is an important and crucial factor that is required to develop a healthy society. It can be defined as the process of making of people aware about their health, understand the risk factors associated with adverse health effects, as well as educating people and implementing a wide range of social and environmental interventions to improve their health and encouraging them to live a healthy life (Naidoo and Wills, 2009). Promoting health through interpersonal relationship is an endeavour to take control of an individual’s health determinant which includes social behaviour, economic and environmental conditions. This involves a health professional with the knowledge, attitude and the skills to influence clients through communication on how to improve their health and maintain a productive life. (Naidoo and Wills, 2009). Thus health professionals play a central role in uplifting individual’s health status. For instance, health care professionals can make p eople aware about the risks associated with smoking and alcohol, risk of practising unsafe sex, risk associated with high fat and calorie rich diet etc. In this report, the factors that may influence individual’s health, concept, attitude and behaviour are highlighted. Furthermore, the role of social and health workers in improving individual’s health and well being are reviewed. The health professional with self awareness and interpersonal skills can effectively communicate with people to achieve therapeutic benefits. Also, they can educate and inform people to achieve a positive outcome of holistic health using the fundamental aspect of care. Overall, the goal of therapeutic communication is to help clients talk about and resolve their feelings and problems related to health, illness, treatments, and nursing care (Craven Hirnle, 2007). This main of this assignment is to analyse the interaction between a social worker and a pregnant service user (a mother named Kim) who was a drug and alcohol dependant, and as a result of her addiction, her three children from the previous relationship were taken away from her care. This is because, she was found irresponsible about her children and was not providing enough care and support to her children. Factors that affected Kim’s way of living and its affect on her life and health There are several factors that may influence an individual concept of health which include, psychological and lifestyle issues. This was evidenced in the DVD clip of â€Å"Someone To Watch Over Me†, where it was witnessed that the drug and alcohol addiction made her to neglect her own children, and as a result, they were removed from her care by social services. In the DVD, it was also shown that she was expecting a fourth child with a new partner, Adam who had mental health issues. In this example, it was evidenced that Kim’s lifestyle choices, i.e. her way of living her life, made her the alcohol and drug addict. This had a significant impact on her family life. Moreover, the influence of the society could have been another major factor that would have pushed her to adopt the lifestyle she was living. The societal factors that could have contributed to Kim’s way of living life could be the kind of people living in her society, their educational and economic bac kground The consequences of all these influencing factors directly made an impact on her ability to look after her children, as well as her is a her ability to cope with the demands of her children. The effects of Kim’s way of living can also have serious consequences on Kim’s health. It is now well established that alcohol increases the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke by the biochemical process known as lipid peroxidation. This increases the level of free radicals in the circulation leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plague. Similarly smoking clogs the arterial flow of blood and leads to ischemia (Laslett, et.al. 2012). Thus, her tendency to smoke alarmingly increases her risk of acquiring coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer and respiratory disease. Substance abuse-involving drugs, and alcohol, or both- are associated with a range of destructive social conditions, financial problems, lost productivity, failure in school, domestic violence, child abuse, and crime (Health people.gov). To conclude, the impact of Kim’s way of living life can be really big and can bring serious consequences to her personal and social life. According to research, the risk factors associated with substance misuse can result in mental health and behavioural issues which were also evidenced in Kim’s lifestyle (Vivancos, et.al. 2013). Other research have indicated the link between coronary heart disease and various psychological factors including stress, depression, lack of social support and anger (Stansfied and Marmot, 2001; Naidoo and Wills, 2009). Although these links are yet to be established fully, these factors may encourage people to involve in drug, alcohol and smoking additions which are found to have direct links with heart attack, stroke, cancer, respiratory diseases. The impact of these factors on Kim’s unborn baby also cannot be neglected. As stated earlier, Kim’s current partner had a history of mental health illness, which although is manageable, can be hereditary and transfer to her unborn baby through her partner. Nurnberger, et.al (2003) suggested a genetic relationship between depression and alcohol dependence in some families. In the study they found that both alcoholism and depression can be genetically transmitted having a direct effect on the offspring. This can affect the baby’s personal and mental development, which can affect the baby’s development throughout the life. More so, prenatal and perinatal risk factors have been associated generally with behaviour problems in children. Maternal substance use, specifically smoking during pregnancy and persistence smoking during and after pregnancy, has been associated with conduct disorder in girls and boys (Romans Seeman, 2006). Although Kim’s lifestyle choices may have been influenced by her social and community network, however, Kim lacked social and community support. She wasan unemployed full time mother who was unable to cope with the demands of her three children on her own. She did not seem to have a social support network from her friends or family to assist her with her three children before they were removed by social services. She had no educational backgrounds and not aware of social support network available which could have educated and supported her in dealing with issues relating to her health. Based on the video clip, these are other reasons why she might have started taking excessive drugs, alcohol and smoking as coping mechanism. Culture is both influencing and influenced by universal values, emotions and feelings that people may share across different groups within the same culture or in some cases, across cultures (Peace and Corps, 2011). Although the direct role of culture on Kim ’s way of living was difficult to predict, considering the definition by Peace and Corps, it might have influenced her either directly or indirectly. Impact of Kim’s way of living on her children Kim’s lifestyle could not only be a risk to her health, experiencing such event can also be a danger to her children’s future. It can have a major impact on the psychology her children if they see their mother’s way of living her life, which can also impact the lifestyle they might choose to live and may also encourage them to copy the same way of living. The idea that early childhood experience have long-term implications is not new; what is new, however, is the emerging understanding of how early childhood experience can influence biology of the developing child in ways that can influence health, well-being and competence decades later (Hertzman, 1999). Role of a health professional/or a nurse in addressing the issues of Kim and her unborn child The health professional caseload includes the substance misuse, Kim and her partner, Adam’s mental health issues. This is because, these issues put the unborn child in a significant risk of adverse health consequences. As a health professional, a nurse’s duty would be to address Kim’s health and development issues before and after the delivery of the child]. Another issue the nurse can face in Kim’s case could be lack of co-operation during the delivery of the service. There could arise the issues of stress as the nurse can be in fear that her client might not cooperate in the set agreements that would be required while giving her the health service. In Kim’s case, despite the risk, the health professional decided not to put the unborn baby on the child protection register and had empathised with them by giving them a second chance to prove they can be good parents by educating and monitoring them. She was also concerned regarding the risks involved during the trial if anything would happen to the baby. This was the big decision that was made, considering the fact that Kim had been a drug and alcohol addict which also resulted the loss of her right to look after her children and Adam, who had mental health illness. . However, making decisions like this was a part of her role because it involved educating her clients to take charge of their lives and health. Her decision is also supported by the guideline provided by public health agency (2009), which state that a fundamental aspect of health promotion is to empower people to have more control over aspects of their lives that affects their health. and enable them to live in dividually, socially, and economically productive lives. Discussion and Conclusion The DVD clip â€Å"Someone to Watch over Me† portrayed some health risk associated with each character’s lifestyle. Kim was addicted to drug, alcohol and smoking that made her totally irrepsobile towards her children, and thus, were ultimately taken away from her custody. There are other studies that have suggested the similar risk associated with chronic use of drugs and alcohol. Morales (2013) suggested alcohol dependence as a risk factor that can result in suicidal attempt. Furthermore, it suggested that chronic alcohol and drug intake is associated with mental illness such as depression and anxiety. It further suggested that excessive alcohol intake can decrease the person’s self control ability and common sense, thus putting them in a singnificant risk of harming themselves or even creating thoughts of suicidal activities. It was witnessed that children were kept under her custody were starting, and the level of personal hygiene and sanitation was below the standard. The children looked dirty and all them appeared confused, which clearly showed the lack of care and management from their mother. The reason behind this is quite understandable, which is also explained by Craven and Hirnle (2007). They explained the term â€Å"dehumanization† as the process of depriving a person’s personality, spirit, privacy, and other human qualities., whichleads to a stage where an individual neglects the individuality, ignore their specific needs and fail to recognize the importance of their care to the loved onces.To solve the health and social issues associated with Kim and Adam’s conditions, there were objectives set by the health professional with an aim to improving their conditions. A second chance was given where they had to agree upon certain thing in oder to have a fourth child. She and her partner Adam would have to follow a set of rules and sign an agreement to be closely monitored due to Kim’s past irresponsible behaviour However, this decision raised concern to Kim because she had feared that her unborn baby might be taken away from her by the social service care because she had previously failed to manage her three children due to drug and alcohol misuse. Drug and alcohol misuse ruined her life as she went on to lose her all three children as their grown up in extremely miserable condition with lack of food and sanitation. Alchol and drug abuse was the main culprit behind this, which as well affected her health. He had developed a self-reactive and self-destructive over the course of time with chronic abuse of drug and alcohol. The correlation between such behaviours and alcohol and drug abuse was also explained by Morales (2013), and thus, corroborated with Kim’s condition. Although Kim agreed on the certain conditions in order to have a fourth child, however, the decision can be challenging to Kim. Although, she decided to give up her previous way of living her life, to abruptly quit alcohol and drug is not easy and would require a great level of commitment from Kim itself. Health care professionals can help Kim in many ways to bring her back to a normal stage from where she and her newly born child can live a better quality of life In the DVD, Kim was witnessed smoking with her partner. Thus suggested that Kim was still unaware of the adverse health effects the smoking can induce during pregnancy.. One immediate action Kim should take was to quit smoking as she was in her final stage of pregnancy. Smoking in such stage could affect to herself, as well as her unborn child. The child might also be affected after the birth as the effect of smoking can persist longer even after the birth of the child. Communication could be an effective approach to deal with Kim’s condition in building a bridge between a health professional and Kim towards an aspect of achieving a positive progress in her health. References Accessed: December 2013 Bhopal (2007) Bhopal R S. Ethnicity, race and health in multicultural societies. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007. Craven, R. F. Hirnle, C. J. (2007). Textbooks of Basic Nursing: Caroline Bunker Rosdalh Mary T. Kowalski 9 Edition. 2008 Craven, R. F., Hirnle, C. J. (2012). Fundamental of nursing: Human health and function (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: LippinCott William Wilkins. Depatment of work and pensions. Household below average income statistics.London: Department of work pension; 2005. Keating D, Hertman C editors (1999). Developing health and the wealth of nations. Social biological and educational dynamics. New York: the Guildford press. Laslett, L.J., Alagona, P.,Jr, Clark, B.A.,3rd, Drozda, J.P.,Jr, Saldivar, F., Wilson, S.R., Poe, C. Hart, M. 2012, â€Å"The worldwide environment of cardiovascular disease: prevalence, diagnosis, therapy, and policy issues: a report from the American College of Cardiology†, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 60, no. 25 Suppl, pp. S1-49. Marmot M, Wilkinson R G 2006 (eds) Social determinant of health, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford. An overview of factors known to affect health including unemployment, work and social support. Morales, J.C. (2013). Suicide: A permanent decision to a passing problem. United States of America. Palibrio. Copyright. Naidoo J, Wills J 2009 Foundation for health promotion. Page last updated: Thursday, June 06, 2013. Promoting Health: A Practical Guide by Ina Simnett, Linda Ewles Stansfield Marmot 2001 cited in foundation of health promotion Naidoo Jane and Jane willis 2009 Vivancos, R., Abubakar, I., Phillips-Howard, P. Hunter, P.R. 2013, â€Å"School-based sex education is associated with reduced risky sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted infections in young adults†, Public health, vol. 127, no. 1, pp. 53-57. Www. Healthypeople.gov/2020/lhi/substanceabuse.aspx?tab=overview Www.health promotionagency.org.uk/Healthpromotion/Health/section 2.htm. Accessed: December 2013. How to cite PHI Summative Assessment, Essay examples

Continuing Personal and Professional Development free essay sample

It is important that staff continue working on their progress and development of their individual practice, especially in health and social care settings. This process will help increase the staff member’s potential through different types of educational and training opportunities, these extra opportunities will not only benefit the staff members but it will benefit the service users within that setting. By having extra training days and learning new skills, the staff members are able to use those skills and put them into practice for the service users, this can potentially improve the quality of care given. There are many strategies and activities that can be carried out within the workplace to help improve staff development. These strategies are things such as reflective practice and training days. It is crucial that staff continue to develop their practice so that they are able to see how far they have come, what they have achieved and what they need to improve on. We will write a custom essay sample on Continuing Personal and Professional Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Reflective practice is put in place in order to improve the quality of the service. When reflecting, they are frequently going over the policies and procedures and any new standards that have been set. This means that are up to date with them which enables them to do their job to the quality that is expected. By regularly reflecting, they are able to see where there has been a lack of knowledge or skills and what they have to improve on. They can work on these as soon as possible to keep the quality of the service at a good standard.Training days are put in places such as schools, hospitals and care homes to make sure that staff members are aware of the current practices and legislations. By going through staff training, staff members gain more knowledge and experience as their able to develop their skills as well as learning new ones. Due to this, they are also able to gain more self-confidence within their practice.